Helen Stoner :: English Literature Helen Stoner Essays

Helen Stoner Helen Stoner is in a split second generalized by perusers as a sensible and honest woman of high society England. Conan Doyle pulls the strings of the Victorian guys wants and makes a 'maiden in trouble', who goes to a man for help that she doesn't have the assets to finish up herself. He depicts her as a lady who is wronged and in incredible peril subsequently adding to the tension of the story. Dissecting the collection of garments that she is wearing the peruser can presume that she is of adequate 'rearing' and watchful. 'A lady wearing dark, and vigorously hidden' reveals to us that she is not used to going around the conurbation single. She is wearing dark as not to stand out. It was remarkable for ladies of a high-class family to go around the city alone, she may think this dishonorable, which is fascinating thinking about that it differences to present day westernized civilisation where it could be deciphered as autonomous. Habits were of foremost significance in Victorian culture, and Helen Stoner is spoken to as a lady who is equipped for having the option to show the right 'society habits'. Victorians were extremely hypercritical about how a lady was permitted to welcome any guys in her essence. The certainty that she is 'intensely hidden' indicates that she doesn't want Dr Watson or Mr Holmes to guide any focus toward her looks however rather to her story. This recommends to the peruser that no inappropriate lead was to be engaged. Helen Stoner additionally unmistakably has an efficient psyche. She has characteristic insight yet is restricted to show any genuine conclusion that may question a keeps an eye on sees. This is the reason she visits Mr Holmes. She has no control over her stepfather, her perspectives, as a lady would be thought absolutely nonsensical by different guys, so she looks for proficient (male) help as Sherlock Holmes. It is understandable to me that she has been pushed past her psychological constraints as a person some time in the past, 'She raised her cloak as she talked, and we could plainly observe that she was in fact in a pitiable condition of tumult, her face all drawn and dark, with anxious, scared eyes, similar to those of a few pursued creature. Her highlights and figure was those of a lady of thirty, in any case, her hair was shot with untimely dim, and her appearance was exhausted and rough' yet she has endured what she has been diminished to just in light of the fact that it was viewed as ill-advised for a lady to address what a man was doing or for a lady to cause to notice her home life.

Discuss the similarities between Louis Wirth's Urbanism As A Way of Assignment

Talk about the similitudes between Louis Wirth's Urbanism As A Way of Life and Cara Buckley's article in The New York Times - Assignment Example In this manner it is normal that there won't be events of sudden and spasmodic varieties in character between individuals living in the city and those on the open country. In any case, late investigations have uncovered that the experience of nation people moving to the city has been portrayed by hardship where many get a handle on left while others simply neglect to adjust to the bustling city life. This paper looks to examine and talk about the similitudes between Louis Wirths Urbanism as a Way of Life and Cara Buckleys article in The New York Times. As per the two creators, the quickness and recentness of urbanization in the United States is a significant course of the issues looked in urban focuses and the absence of mindfulness towards them. The urban focuses are populated thickly by people from various societies and religions which prompts altogether different methods of life among the city occupants. There is a wide inconstancy and division of people and a huge nonappearance of closeness in the connection between individual city occupants which are commonly shallow and brief. As indicated by Wirth (2), the heterogeneity of the urban populace brings about broke down social structures which advance portability, precariousness and weakness. Buckley’s article likewise reflects Wirth’s belief system that the public activity in urban focuses is shallow and there are far off social relations. Buckley expounds on the encounters of newcomers in the New York City and how it changes the character and social personal condu ct standards of the individuals who move to the city. This is portrayed in Lisa Phin’s case who is 25 and moved to the city from Dallas (Buckley 2008). She made some hard memories making companions and out of the forlornness she confronted she depended on building fellowships through online sites. The tight calendars, schedules and the typical clamor of the city life rapidly take the

Accomplishments of Charlemagne Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Achievements of Charlemagne - Essay Example Having filled in as a ruler during this medieval period has allowed me a chance to change numerous lives and the idea of our lives. I accept that as I leave you soon, my political accomplishments will at present remain and structure significant pieces of the administrations and different pioneers to come. Decisively, my most noteworthy political accomplishment is in 775, when I attacked, assaulted and crushed the Germanic clan Saxon who undermined the north-eastern outskirts of my recently shaped Kingdom. During that year, I additionally recall distinctively that the Duke of Hrodgaud of Friuli opposed my standard yet I crushed by him. These summits gave me an open door with the Duke of Spoleto. We marked a settlement with him and this gave me the full control over Northern Italy which has guaranteed the harmony that we appreciate today. To me, this is a major achievement in light of the fact that as I go, I leave the numerous relatives of this incredible in a sheltered spot to call h ome (Story, 2005).

A Salute to Cornell, Dartmouth, and Columbia

A Salute to Cornell, Dartmouth, and Columbia March 15 Ivy Coach salutes Cornell University, Dartmouth College, and Columbia University for their outstanding track record of supporting our troops. It is to be commended. As you may know, Ivy Coach is deeply committed to helping Americas veterans and current members of our military (which also can include veterans) gain admission to the colleges of their dreams. Its work weve been doing for years and its some of the most fulfilling, rewarding work we do. We are so proud of the many veterans across highly selective college campuses whom we had the privilege and thats precisely what it is to work with in the admissions process. But we are also aware that we have a voice in the admissions process and wed be remiss not to raise it to commend Ivy League institutions that do right by veterans and shame other Ivy League institutions that we dont believe properly support our troops. Just because all Ivy League institutions are Yellow Ribbon does not mean they are all equally supportive to veterans. Being Yellow Ribbon simply means they have agreed to contribute some money towards tuition costs. As an example, while not an Ivy League school, Johns Hopkins Un iversity contributes $1,000 annually per student. Thats not going to cut it. But back to the Ivy League Cornell University, we salute you! The Post 9/11 G.I. Bill offers only a certain amount of money towards annual tuition ($19,200 for private universities and $8,900 for public universities). Cornell covers the remainder of the tuition (making them Yellow Ribbon). They welcome these brave men and women into their schools as though they are any other students pursuing college degrees. And thats exactly how it should be. Cornell University has earned an A in our book. Theyd get an A+ if they didnt have a cap of 100 veterans whom they can have on campus at a time under the Yellow Ribbon Program, a cap that also includes dependents (not just the troops themselves). Dartmouth College, we salute you! Its all love from us for this fellow Yellow Ribbon university. With respect to veterans, you are the crown jewel of the Ivy League.  Dartmouth College supports our troops and may the world know it. Dartmouth College covers the full cost of tuition that is beyond the funds from the Post 9/11 G.I. Bill. And they have no cap on the number of veterans they admit each admissions cycle. Dartmouth doesnt have to do the right thing. But Dartmouth chooses to. Dartmouth College has earned an A+ in our book. Other Ivy League colleges may say they support our troops but Dartmouth speaks softly with one very big stick. And Columbia University, we salute you, too! You may not cover the full cost of tuition, contributing $8,000 annually per student. But maybe its because you admit so many vets! And you admit all of these vets through your General Studies Program. This way, their numbers dont hurt your US News World Report ranking. Its a creative workaround and we salute you for this workaround because it means more veterans studying on your campus. For this, well give you an A. Columbia, you deserve it. But thats just about where the love fest ends. Check back soon to find out what we have to say about the remaining Ivies admissions policies towards our troops. It wont be all puppy dogs and ice cream. And, veterans, this is a terrific tool  to use to measure a universitys Yellow Ribbon contributions against another.

Corporate Social Responsibility Of India Essay - 1888 Words

Corporate Social Responsibility in India - An Effort to Bridge the Welfare Gap Dr.Mahendra Singh Associate Professor and Head department of sociology Madhav University, Pindwara, Sirohi Email Id- mahendrasinghparmar123@gmail.com Abstract Drawing on existing hypothetical and exact writing on the basis behind Corporate Social Obligation (CSR), this paper examinations the potential ramifications of commanded CSR under the as of late sanctioned Companies Act, 2013 in India on firm motivations, likely reactions of corporates that come under the ambit of the law, suggestions for asset accessibility and conveyance of social merchandise, and the prospects and difficulties of executing ordered CSR. Bits of knowledge into these issues are drawn by experimentally analyzing the willful CSR conduct of an example of 500 extensive organizations recorded on the Bombay Stock Exchange for the period 2003-2011 that originates before the new direction. The paper contends that despite the potential monetary costs that may go with commanded CSR, the procurements of the new Act are planned insightfully to adjust the targets of the enterprise and its shareholders from one viewpoint and that of the general public and its partners on the othe r. Be that as it may, tending to the difficulties of usage effectively would decide how far the targets of the new directions are met. Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, firm incentives, social welfare, efficiency regulation, enforcementShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility Of India Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pages CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN INDIA â€Å"Crossing the Bridge from Knowing to doing† Jasleen Kaur Luthra* â€Å"Successful people have a social responsibility to make the world a better place and not just take from it.† Carie Underwood Abstract The 21st century is characterized by unprecedented challenges and opportunities, arising from globalization, the desire forRead MoreSocial Accounting Practices in India as a Corporate Social Responsibility†2281 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Social Accounting Practices in India as a Corporate Social Responsibility† soniuttranchal@gmail.com Concept: The concept of Social Accounting originated in different forms by Adam Smith in 1776, Later on, Karl Marks and Engel also expressed their views about social costs in 1844. Pigou in 1920 also elaborated the divergence of Social and Private Costs. The concept of social accounting was clearly introduced in the 1970’s and later this concept received serious consideration fromRead MoreCoca Cola Social Responsibility And Sustainability1742 Words   |  7 PagesCoca-Cola Corporate Social Responsibility and sustainability Berlandie Benoit Professor Altamirano Monroe College: King Graduate School Abstract Large companies like Coca-Cola, have always engaged in corporate social responsibilities. The objective of this paper is to determine whether or not Coca-Cola fulfilled their social responsibilities in India. Coca-Cola had launched their sustainability framework as well as adopting the international Corporate Social Responsibility the Ruggie’s frameworkRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : A Comparative Study Of Sbi And Icici Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility: A Comparative Study of SBI and ICICI in India Ms. AnkitaPatel1 1Research scholar, Business Studies Dept., Sardar Patel University AdhyapakSahayak, Anand Law College, Anand-388001, Gujarat, India. Email – 2007ankitapatel@gmail.com Abstract: At present Banking sector plays a significant role in the development of the nation, not only as a pillar of the financial system of the nation but also by contributing toward the society. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)Read MoreThe Second Phase Indian Csr ( 1914-1960 )1363 Words   |  6 Pageswhich was consolidation and amplification of social development. During the whole period of struggle for freedom, Indian businesses proactively engaged in the process of reformation. Not only did firms see the country’s economic development as a protest against colonial rule, they also participated in its institutional and social development (India Partnership Forum 2002, 11). The vision of a free and modern India stimulated the involvement of corporate sector. Gandhi introduced the notion of trusteeshipRead MoreSocial Responsibility And Its Impact On Society1579 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered to be the social responsibility for each and every human being on this planet, therefore sustainability, accountability and transparency of resources became the basic ingredients for social responsibility. Only in 1953, Bowen raised a question â€Å"What responsibility to the Society can business people be reasonably expected to assure† that evaluated the term Corporate Social Responsibility abbreviated as CSR. The CSR in 1966 was then defined as:â€Å"Social responsibility, therefore, refers toRead MoreHow Businesses Can Incorporate Csr Into Their Business Model1619 Words   |  7 Pagesways businesses can incorporate CSR into their business model. Introduction: Many large corporations are taking corporate social responsibility into account and making it a part of their everyday schedule. Over the past decades, there have been increasing concerns for general society that many businesses have little concern for the consumer and they care nothing about the deteriorating social order. But these days’ companies are encouraging employees to volunteer and make a difference in surroundingRead MoreThe Code Of Corporate Social Obligation Essay1557 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Corporate social obligation is an administration idea whereby organizations incorporate social and natural concerns in their business operations and collaborations with their stakeholders. CSR is by and large seen as being the path through which an organization attains to a parity of financial, natural and social goals while in the meantime tending to the desires of shareholders and stakeholders. The Indian Companies Act, 2013, which fuses CSR The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has advisedRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Corporate Sustainability Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Vs Corporate Sustainability in India: A case study on Aditya Birla Group Supriya Agarwal Abstract: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now a burning topic in India, which became prominent and most amplified in 2013 when companies were obligated to spend two percent of profit after tax in CSR activities set by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India. Although, the concept of CSR is not new in India and has evolved and developed very well from hundredsRead MoreComprehensive Health Data Breach Response Plan906 Words   |  4 PagesName Course Title Date Definition Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the ethical behaviour of a company towards society it operates in. It is a commitment to the concern to the society’s sustainability development. â€Å"Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is concerned with the ways in which an organisation exceeds its minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulation.† (Johnson et al 2010) CRS in the eyes of some corporates may vary but the underlying principle remains

During adolescents, there is an increased vulnerability...

During adolescents, there is an increased vulnerability for depression due to biological, cognitive, and socio-environmental changes. For this paper, I will be discussing Scarlet, a 16 year old Hispanic female whose parents have divorced two years ago, and because of that Scarlet has been displaying symptoms of Persistent Depressive Disorder and Oppositional and Defiant Disorder. This paper will review literature which supports Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as being an effective form of treatment for depression with adolescents. I will also review literature which supports Family Therapy as being an effective treatment for adolescents with parent-child relational problems. I will also discuss any issues related to culture,†¦show more content†¦Depression can affect many areas of a young person’s life developmentally whether its academics, cognitive, social, or family functioning. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been used as an effective form of treatment for depres sion in adolescents. Cognitive behavioral therapy is an evidenced based approach used to treat a variety of mental health disorders in younger people such as anxiety, ODD, ADHD, and a range of other negative behaviors. According to Radke, Sakow, and Zack (2012), CBT is directive, structured, time-limited, problem-focused and goal-oriented. CBT works on a lot of collaboration with the client during weekly sessions that can total up to twenty sessions, but could be more given the severity of the symptoms the client is experiencing. CBT interventions used usually include psychoeducation which is educating the client and families about their diagnosis as well as helping them understand the connection between their thoughts, feelings and behaviors. To me I think this is the foundation of CBT, and I think Scarlet and her family could certainly benefit from psychoeducation as the first step toward restoring social functioning. Mood monitoring is also another intervention used during CBT . For example giving Scarlet a checklist to rate her mood on a scale of 1 to 10 before and after a session could be a good intervention. Even giving her a journal to link her mood and her thoughts in order to track what mightShow MoreRelatedDepression As A Transient Phase Of Adolescence Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagescharacterized by many changes that range from biological changes associated with puberty to social and psychological changes associated with awareness of sexuality26. The adolescent period is one of sensitivity which requires adequate and sufficient monitoring from parents and other care-givers 27. Depression is the commonest emotional problem experienced by adolescents28. It is no longer thought to be a transient phase of normal development. This notion of depression being a transient phase of adolescenceRead MoreGender Differences in Depression3018 Words   |  13 PagesCURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 173 Gender Differences in Depression Susan Nolen-Hoeksema1 Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Abstract From early adolescence through adulthood, women are twice as likely as men to experience depression. Many different explanations for this gender difference in depression have been offered, but none seems to fully explain it. Recent research has focused on gender differences in stress responses, and in exposureRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1197 Words   |  5 Pagesin the state of Arkansas will be more of a serious problem for the adolescents and the younger population. This age is critical for this population cause of the influences, such as fitting in, peer pressure, and increase in wanting to try new things. Most importantly, the mental health professionals are concerned about the effects it has on the populations, especially the adolescents or young adults. According to Evans, â€Å"adolescents are particularly vulnerable to harm, given the effects of cannabisRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep On The Human Body And Mind Requires A Regulated Sleep And Wake Cycle1729 Wor ds   |  7 Pagesfrom chronic sleep/wake disruptions include mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder as well as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), PTSD, and schizophrenia. Research on the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle has found that proper regulation promotes healthy physical, emotional, and mental resilience, while chronic dysregulation promotes negative thinking as well as physical and emotional vulnerability (Nathan, 2015). Although lack of sleep is often viewed as justRead MoreBiological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa Psychology2938 Words   |  12 PagesBiological explanations for anorexia nervosa Biological explanations for anorexia nervosa include neural explanations and evolutionary explanations. 1st BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION - Neurotransmitters -Serotonin Disturbances in the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin appear to be a characteristic of individuals with eating disorders. Kaye 2005 found a reduction in the levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in people with eating disorders. This suggests that brain serotonin pathways are underactiveRead MoreAdolescence and Early Adulthood Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pageschanges that take place during adolescence, but it does not always mean that it is an unpleasant time in the lives of humans (Santrock, 2011). As children enter adolescence they will experience neurological, hormonal, and physical changes. It is also important to consider the psychosocial development of adolescents and how it can be influenced by these biological changes as well as the environment that the adolescent is experiencing. Many of the changes that adolescents experience are the resultRead MoreBiological Psychiatry1203 Words   |  5 PagesReferences 1. Spencer S, Xu L, Clarke M, Lemus M, Reichenbach A, Geenen B et al. Ghrelin Regulates the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Restricts Anxiety After Acute Stress. Biological Psychiatry. 2012;72(6):457-465. In this article, Spencer et. al. observed the effect of the presence of endogenous Ghrelin on anxiety behaviour in mice. This data was obtained by running wild type and Ghrelin knockout-mice through a series of anxiety behaviour tests, as well as treating the knockout mice withRead MoreApply Dsm-Iv to William Styron Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesactivities that he used to enjoy. He wonders how his friendly place seemed so hostile and forbidding. As a writer it felt helpless and painful to him when he found out â€Å"the writing becomes more difficult and exhausting, finally ceased† because depression has made him unable to concentrate. Styron’s statement of â€Å"two or three hours of sleep I was able to get at night† indicated that he suffered from insomnia and the everyday sleepless was â€Å"a rare torture† to him. It was clear that his insomnia evolvedRead MoreMental Illnesses Explored : Schizophrenia1450 Words   |  6 PagesLarge amounts dopamine is the oldest and most widely accepted theory of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and stems from identification of dopamine D2 receptor blockade as the mechanism of action of antipsychotics. Dopamine D2 binding sites are increased in a person with schizophrenia, which contributes to cognitive impairment. The modern day understanding is suggested that a hyperactive mesolimbic and a hypoactive mesocortical dopamine system underlie the po sitive and negative symptoms thatRead MoreThe Process Of Learning Healthy3474 Words   |  14 PagesThe process of learning healthy, functional methods to manage emotional states is a life-long task with key critical periods in early childhood and adolescence. Emotional regulation dysfunction results from a combination of emotional vulnerability that reacts with overly sensitive responses on the part of the patient and an inability to modulate the resulting emotions. Experiences with this type of dysregulation are common, if not typical, of human development and are usually amenable and responsive

Binge Drinking Essay Research Paper Binge drinking free essay sample

Binge Drinking Essay, Research Paper -Binge imbibing is defined as # 8220 ; the ingestion of five or more drinks in a row on at least one occasion. # 8221 ; In national studies about a 3rd of high school seniors and 42 per centum of college pupils reported at least one juncture of orgy imbibing within the old 2 hebdomads. While national studies have documented a important diminution in the usage of other drugs by high school seniors and college-age young persons, there have been merely modest diminutions in the Numberss describing orgy imbibing. Adolescents and immature grownups drink alcoholic drinks at about the same rates they did 5 old ages ago. Binge imbibing increases the hazard for alcohol-related hurt, particularly for immature people, who frequently combine intoxicants with other high hazard activities, such as impaired drive. Harmonizing to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the four taking injury-related causes of decease among young persons under the age of 20 are motor vehicle clangs, homicides, self-destructions, and submerging. We will write a custom essay sample on Binge Drinking Essay Research Paper Binge drinking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Alcohol is involved in many of these deceases. Sexual brushs with their built-in hazards of gestation, sexually transmitted diseases, and HIV exposure, every bit good as day of the month colza and other force, can and make occur more often while pupils are devouring big sums of intoxicant by orgy imbibing. Binge imbibing, or the partying life style of immature people, may be related to an environment that appears to back up heavy imbibing. Youths study that intoxicant is more easy available to them today than it was 5 old ages ago, and there is a high correlativity between handiness and usage. In add-on, alcoholic drinks remain cheap in comparing with other drinks, particularly beer when purchased in kegs, frequently the centre of a party. As immature people enter the civilization of the college campus, they are confronted with many challenges and chances: the chance to be independent of parental control ; the demand to conform ; and the insecurity of a new societal scene. Forty-one per centum of college pupils engage in orgy imbibing, as compared to 34 per centum of their non-college opposite numbers. Another factor that may add to the college scene as a bad environment for orgy imbibing is that young persons on college campuses are marks of heavy selling of alcoholic drinks. Beer companies are particularly active in advancing to college pupils. Student newspapers and campus bulletin boards boast ads for happy hours with monetary value decreases and other inducements that promote heavy imbibing. Representatives of the intoxicant industry, including manufacturers, jobbers, and retail merchants, patron campus societal, clean, and cultural events, even on campuses where the bulk of participants are under the age of 21. Prevention schemes in response to gorge imbibing by immature people include actions to cut down intoxicant handiness, such as additions in monetary value, and responsible drink service patterns, particularly at parties. Some communities require keg tagging, which requires kegs to be labeled with a consecutive figure placing the buyer in instance the keg is discovered at an minor imbibing party. Other schemes include limitations on selling and publicity patterns that glamorize heavy imbibing, particularly those directed at immature people.

The Renaissance and Its Influences

Renaissance which is also referred as the rebirth is the period that started in the 14th century and ended up in the 17th century. The period was marked by increased interests and development in Art, literature, politics, science, religion and music.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Renaissance and Its Cultural, Political and Economic Influence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The period was characterized by surge of interest in classical learning and values. Renaissance is usually taken as the bridge that linked the medieval era and the modern civilization. Although Renaissance resulted to great changes in many intellectual undertakings such as political and social upheaval, it is mostly remembered for its great contributions in art and music. This period is marked with discovery of new continents, great growth in commerce and invention and applications of innovations such as paper printing, gunpowder and use of marine compass. The era is regarded as a period of revival of classical learning after a long time span of cultural stagnation and decline (Brotton, 2006). The rebirth of Renaissance is believed to have started in Italy as early as in the 14th century. The resurrection of Renaissance in Italy is believed to have been influenced by a number of factors among them a favorable language. During this period, Latin language was considered as the language of scholars. Due tom its complexity, it was not a common language to many people by then and thus not very appropriate language for the learning process. Many people required a simpler language to understand higher knowledge that was associated with the Renaissance. This resulted to the growth of national vernacular language all over Europe that greatly facilitated the spread of the ideology of the new scholars. Italy was the first nation to produce great writers in the Renaissance period. England on the other hand developed Standard E nglish that was highly influential during the Renaissance in the learning process. Germany also took the opportunity to translate the bible into Germany language which greatly helped many Germans to read and understand the bible better (Guisepi, n.d). The great scientific growth and development during this period boosted the Renaissance period greatly. The interactions of Christians and Arabs as they traded helped the Christians learn mathematics, chemistry and experimental science from the Arabs who were more knowledgeable in these concepts.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The new knowledge they received from Arabs enabled them to become more critical with issues. Equipped with the scientific knowledge, people started to accept and apply only what seemed logical to them. Thus, this learning transformed the views of many people who started to question some traditional beliefs which they had learned from the church about certain national phenomenon (Guisepi, n.d). Some scientific inventions such as the invention of art of printing helped greatly in transmitting knowledge during the Renaissance process. This is because the printed materials was distribution and accessed more easily by many widely and by large number of people. This strategy was widely intensively used to educate people about the new and modern concepts that were related to the modern civilizations. Similarly, the invention of magnetic compasses helped in the discovery of new continents such as the Africa continent. This in turn amplified the European trading routes which enabled them make more profits. The invention of gun powder transformed the politics in Europe greatly. Formerly, the Middle Ages were characterized with the supreme monarchy in Europe where nobles were the one who were summoned to provide military support to the king during crises instances. With the invention of gun powder, the Eu ropean politics greatly changed as kings started to assume the political power that was being exercised by the nobles. This in turn promoted establishment of centralized governments in many parts of Europe. The growth in trade and commerce also greatly helped in the Renaissance. New trading routes and cities emerged. The merchants were known to travel a lot and thus were greatly instrumental in the spread of the ideas of the modern civilizations as they traded in the new cities established. The Renaissance influenced Europe culturally, politically and economically. The renaissance was really very instrumental in the areas of scholarship, art, music and architecture. The renaissance was associated with revisiting the knowledge of Greece and Rome to rediscover this knowledge and apply it in the cotemporary context. This facilitated many universities being established in many parts of Europe where many politicians were educated on the classical knowledge under Guicciadini. The impact o f Renaissance on art was great. By the use of Humanism which focused on humanity, the modern concepts that were learned enabled the artist to break from art- dictated art of the Middle Ages and embrace the secular worldview.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Renaissance and Its Cultural, Political and Economic Influence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, architecture developed greatly which enabled the traditional architecture of the middle ages being replaced by more modern human-centric architecture that was highly embraced all over Europe. Similarly, the Renaissance resulted to enhanced growth and development in trade and commerce that resulted to emergence of banking facilities in many parts of Europe. Enhance trade in turn resulted to emergence of urban centers and cities such as Florence and Venice cities that eventually transcended to become empires. Other European nations such as England and Spain followed suite to establish their own cities. The establishment of cities resulted to a great change in European politics which necessitated the idea of diplomacy. Many people in Europe and especially Italy studied diplomacy during the Renaissance period. It was from Italy that the concept of permanent, resident ambassadors originated during the Renaissance period. The concept of diplomacy enables Italy to maintain very important international relations up to date (Craig, Graham, Kagan, Ozment, Turner, 2009). The Protestant Reformation was a European Christian reform movement that resulted to the establishment of Protestantism as a constituent part of the contemporarily Christianity. The movement was initiated as a protest towards certain catholic rituals, doctrines and ecclesiastical structures of the Catholic Church. The protest resulted to a Counter Reformation movement which was headed by Jesuit order. The Counter Reformation resulted to reclamation of many parts of Euro pe which include Poland, parts of England back to Catholic faith. The reason that motivated the reformation to initiate in Germany is because Germany was the first nation that translated the bible into Germany language which enhanced the Germans to understand the bible when they read it more effectively. Well understanding of the bible prompted Germans Christians to start questioning some Catholic rituals and doctrines which they considered to contradict the Christianity teaching as expressed by the bible.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The scientific discoveries that accompanied the Renaissance enlightened people greatly. One of great discovery is the Copernican theory which suggested that the sun and other planet rotated around a central sun. This discovery faced a lot of resistance from many scholars and also from the theologians who contested with this discovery as they claimed it contradicted what the bible stated. This fact was proved later when Galileo invented telescope that was used to clearly view distant objects. The civilizations that was associated with Renaissance was enlightened people could not any longer take anything for granted, but did their best to look for relevant facts to support ideas (Cronin,1992) . Reference List Brotton, J. (2006) The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Prentice Hall. Craig, A. M., Graham, W. A., Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F. M. (2009). The heritage of world civilizations (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Cronin, V. (1992). The Renaissance. London: Oxford University Press. Guisepi, R.A. (n.d). The Renaissance Beginning and Progress of the Renaissance. Web. This essay on The Renaissance and Its Cultural, Political and Economic Influence was written and submitted by user Caden Holloway to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Nuclear Weapons Essays - Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear Warfare

Nuclear Weapons Essays - Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear Warfare Nuclear Weapons A major problem concerning the world today is the disposal of nuclear weapons. With the Cold War, we have seen a massive build up of nuclear weapons, and no, that we are no longer in a state of global warfare, what is to be done with them? As a result of the build-up in nuclear weapons during the cold war the world is now facing major environmental problems trying to deactivate them, and in addition major debate are occurring on the policies of disarmament and deterrence as solutions to this global problem. Countries are becoming more aware of the fact that their citizens do not want to have to worry about a nuclear attack or environmental effects of nuclear weapons testing. The people of the world are calling for an end to this senseless destruction of the earth. The explosive power of a nuclear weapon comes from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion, or both in the case of the Hydrogen bomb. A typical small nuclear weapon has the explosive yields of tens of thousands of tons of the conventional explosive TNT. A large nuclear weapon can kill hundreds of thousands of people, and when carried on a ballistic missile, can travel intercontinental distances in less than half an hour. The deployment of tens of thousands of these weapons, primarily by the United Sates and the Soviet Union, has threatened annihilation of millions of people with little or no warning. Strategic (long-range) nuclear weapons include land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and bombs and cruise missiles carried on long-range bombers. Tactical nuclear weapons are shorter-range weapons allocated for regional use or for use in support of battlefield operations. As a result of the Cold War, the build-up of nuclear weapons today has never been greater. The term "Cold War" refers to the strategic and political struggle that developed after World War II between the United States and its Wester European allies on one side, and the former USSR on the other. The Soviet leaders considered the objections of the United States to Soviet actions in Poland, Hungary, and Romania a betrayal of wartime understandings about spheres of influence in Europe. Therefore the Soviet Union was placed under a military and political barrier. The stockpile of nuclear weapons that available today is the direct result of the arms race which was the highlight of the cold war. Nuclear arms at the time of the cold war were considered to be a way for countries to discourage other countries from attacking, mainly the United States and the USSR, which were the key players in the arms race of the 1950's and 60's. While the dissolution of the Soviet Union has r! educed the concern about nuclear war waged with strategic weapons between the Russia and the U.S., other issues have become more pressing. As far as is known, only eight countries now have nuclear weapons. "The five declared nuclear powers are : the United States, over 9,000 warheads deployed and some 11,000 in reserve or awaiting dismantling; Russia, over 10,000 warheads deployed and some 18,000 in reserve or awaiting dismantling; France, over 500 warheads; China, about 450 warheads; U.K., about 300 warheads." "In addition to the key countries there are 'threshold' states which have not officially confirmed the possession of nuclear weapons: Israel, India and Pakistan," all countries in which there is great possibilities of a civil war breaking out and the nuclear weapons being utilized. The realization by the people of the massive amounts of nuclear weapons stockpiled and disastrous environmental hazards has caused much protest among the people. During the cold war thoughts of massive destruction and human suffering dominated people's minds, but no one really knew how grave the situation would be after a nuclear bomb was dropped. Until recently, scientific research had not addressed the potential long-term climatic and environmental damage of a nuclear conflict. Scientific research suggests that a nuclear conflict could inject enough smoke and dust particles into the atmosphere to block out sunlight and cause severe drops in surface temperatures over a significant period of time. This, in turn could adversely affect plants, animals, and humans. The term "nuclear winter" has been coined to describe these

Detailed Cycle Analysis of Turbofan Engine Essay

Detailed Cycle Analysis of Turbofan Engine - Essay Example 1. Fan – The fan is at the obverse of the engine. The process of propulsion begins at this part. The fan initiates a flow of air around the engine. The air gets separated into two streams. The larger stream, known as bypass air, is typically about 85%, while the smaller stream which refers to primary air, is about 15% of the total volume of air. The bypass air usually keeps the engine quieter, cooler and more fuel efficient. 3. Combustion chamber – After the compression process is complete the highly pressured air got forced through a combustor. Then, fuel got added and burned. This process makes the air temperature to be high. 4. Turbines – Hot air gets blasted through the blades of the turbines. The two whirling turbines rotate the shafts that steer both the fan and the compressors at the front part of the engine. This process allows modern jets to function with high fuel efficiency. 5. Exhaust nozzle – The hot air get forced via the exhaust opening at the rear part of the engine. The air gets forced to accelerate due to the thin walls of the exhaust nozzle. The acceleration of the air, combined with its weight, drives the engine forward. An explanation of how the turbofan engine works became discussed here. The inward bound air enters the engine shaft. A portion of the inward air passes through the ducted fan. It continues on into the core compressor (Diesinger 2008, p.34). This then goes to the burner. Here, air mixes with fuel and combustion occurs. For the basic turbojet, the hot exhaust gas passes through fan turbines, the core and then out through the nozzle. The surplus of the inbound air passes through the bypasses and fan. Sometimes it goes about the engine. This is just like the air via a propeller. The velocity of the air that passes via the fan is higher than the free stream. A turbofan gets a portion of its thrust from the fan and the rest from the core (Peter Galison 2000, p.25). In the analysis of the engine cycle, the bypass ratio

Topic Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Topic Critique - Essay Example t "to the extent that an individual can learn to perform some mental skills without conscious attention, the conscious part of the brain is freed to attend to other mental activities, thus enlarging its cognitive scope (Dickinson). For example, a person who is interested in music will learn the lyrics and tunes of a song easily without giving much conscious attention to learn it. On the other hand, same person may struggle to learn mathematics in the absence of interest, even if he performs some conscious efforts. From the above examples it is clear that certain brain activities are controlling the learning capabilities of a person unknowingly. Herman Epstein suggested that periods of rapid brain growth are the times for intellectually challenging curriculum, and that plateau periods, such as in adolescence, are the times for more concrete, experiential learning rather than pushing students too soon into abstract thinking (Dickinson) The analysing powers of a person varies differently during his life span. Alcohol or drug usages may not be considered as a sin by some youths. But the same youths may regret for their activities after ten or fifteen years. In other words, same thing may be perceived differently by the same person during different stages of his life because of differences in brain activities at different periods. Music is an entity which can control and comfort the brain activities. Even distressed persons will get a soothing effect when they hear music. A calm and peaceful mind is essential for proper learning. A learner’s mind will always be under tension because of some external parameters which may have nothing to do with learning. Music can eliminate all such negative parameters of learning and can keep the learner’s mind fully focussed on the learning activity alone. All the people hate noise, but most of them like music because of its smooth rhythm and feeling it create. â€Å"The intentional use of music in the classroom will set the scene

Amazon.Com - Project Paper Essay Example for Free

Amazon.Com Project Paper Essay Amazon.com is obsessed with fervour to serve consumer and shareholder alike. Since its inception over fifteen years ago, Amazon.com has steadily grown from a burgeoning â€Å"dot-com† corporation into a multinational monster, a king in the domain of internet retail. It targets two goals: the satisfaction of a customer and efficient corporate growth. Its marketing strategies are near-legendary, and budding business should take a page – or several chapters – from Amazon.com’s proven marketing manual. Amazon.com History Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com founder and CEO, dreamed about books. In 1994, he created Amazon.com, Inc., which he labelled as â€Å"Earth’s Biggest Bookstore.† The ecommerce company went online in 1995 and soon expanded into other media, including DVDs, VHS, CDs, MP3s, and eventually a wide range of other products, including toys, electronics, furniture and apparel. As such, the tagline soon changed to â€Å"Earth’s Largest Selection.† But books were only the beginning of Bezo’s up-and-coming enterprise. Amazon.com went public in 1997. In the first shareholder letter, Bezos penned the fundamental foundation for Amazon.com’s success: â€Å"Start with customers and work backwards †¦ Listen to customers, but don’t just listen to customers – also invent on their behalf †¦ Obsess over customers.† This policy was backed by a startling business philosophy – Bezos planned on operating at a loss for 4-5 years. It was not until 2001 that Amazon.com posted a net profit at a minuscule one-cent per share. Yet, despite its bizarre business strategy, Amazon.com claimed over 1.4 million customers after only two years of being online. Now, 45 million satisfied customers shop at Amazon.com for everything from books (most popular) to fashion apparel to fine jewellery to Christmas toys. It has one of the most recognized brand names in the world and garners an estimated 50% of its sales from overseas consumers. Surviving the dot-com bust of the late 1990s and early 2000s, Amazon weathered the e-storms and now thrives in the retail marketplace, challenging vending giants like Wal-Mart and Target. Focused on technological innovation and entered on customer fulfilment, Amazon.com proceeds into the next decade with a profit firmly in one hand, and the capacity to blow it out of the water in the other hand. Amazon.com’s Business Philosophy Despite its massive growth, Amazon.com remains unremittingly focused on the consumer. Out of 452 company goals in 2009, 360 directly affected customer experience. Amazon.com’s self-proclaimed mission statement is: â€Å"We seek to be Earth’s most customer-centric company for three primary customer sets: consumer customers, seller customers and developer customers.† Vision Amazon’s vision is to be Earth’s most customer centric company; to build a place where people can come to find and discover anything they might want to buy online. Mission The company’s six core values: customer obsession, ownership, bias for action, frugality, high hiring bar, and innovation. Motto The company motto: ‘Work Hard, Have Fun, and Make History’. Question 1 Amazon currently operates in two markets: the business-to-business (offering Internet retailing services) and consumer markets (retailing consumer goods). Identify the characteristics of the two types of buyers and markets. Amazon is an online bookstore that trades books from numerous originators including Wrox, O’Reilly, Premier Press, and so on. In this case, the publishers have the option of either developing their own site or exhibiting their books on the Amazon site (www.amazon.com), or both. The publishers usually prefer to display their books on www.amazon.com at it gives them a larger audience. Currently, to do this, the publishers want to deal with Amazon, involving seller and buyer, is the B2B model. Amazon derives about 40% of its sales from affiliate marketing called Amazon Associates and third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon. Associates receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links on their websites to Amazon, if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has over 900,000 members in its affiliate programs. Amazon reported over 1.3 million sellers sold products through Amazons World Wide Web sites in 2007. Amazon sellers do not have to maintain separate payment accounts; all payments are handled by Amazon. Associates can access the Amazon catalogue directly on their websites by using the Amazon Web Services (AWS) XML service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched (rumoured to be internally called Project Genesis) to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products recommended are based on customers browsing history. Characteristic of B2B Amazon uses B2B by providing the opportunity to purchase and sell all types of products via the internet. It allows for relationships to be established in order to complete sales and business transactions. Additionally, providing email address and having personalized memberships are methods for dispensing sale ads and providing discount coupons is a use of the internet by Amazon. Rather than producing time-intensive and costly physical copies for each consumer, a central server or email list can serve as an efficient method for distributing necessary information to the general public The characteristic of B2B is a long-term: Usually involves negotiations and contractual commitments between long-term trading partners (E.g. Suppliers, manufacturers). Thus, also generates high sales revenue and volume. Significant characteristic is relationship driven not product driven. The BCB model enhances maximization of the value of the relationship and bonding. Buyers and sellers work more closely together and build long-term relationships. Thus rational buying decision is based on business value. The sales cycle in the B2B world is often much longer and more complex. It mainly maximizes on the value of relationships. Amazon focuses on maintaining communication and building relationships. Marketing activities involving lead generation that can be nurtured during the sales cycle can be used to attain this goal. B2B features a multi-step buying process that needs more than one person to decide on the purchase thus B2B companies employ marketing to educate its target audience. Take for example in an email campaign, objective of Amazon is to drive prospects to the site to learn about their products and services. High expectations for service: Customised services and goods delivery and managing inventory for business partners that extend the supply chain so companies can respond on minute-by-minute basis. Knowledgeable buyers: Suppliers (Amazon associates) and buyers who understand and well-versed in trading in their industry. Involving more buyers, with extensive decision process, the process is more tedious and complex. The buying becoming is more formalised professional purchasing effort. Nevertheless, B2B models always emphasis in educational and awareness building activities to grasp repeat business. Characteristic of B2C The above B2C model reflects an individual consumer transact with business organisation, consumer searches for a book on Amazon site and places an order, if required. The B2C category has expanded greatly in the late 1990s with the growth of public access to the Internet. It largely equates to electronic retailing and its main objective is to aggressively convince prospective buyers to shop. B2C companies, including Amazon employ different marketing campaigns for publicizing their goods and services. This would include coupons, vouchers, email blasts, banner ads, limited edition offers and the likes to entice their target market to buy. These campaigns are much shorter in duration thus the urgent need to secure the customer’s interest very quickly. The B2C model of e-commerce is more prone to security threats because individual consumers provide their credit card and personal information in the site of a business organization. In addition, the consumers might doubt that his/he r information is secured and used effectively by the business organization. This is the main reason why the B2C model is not very widely accepted. Therefore, it becomes very essential for the business organization to provide robust security mechanisms that can be guarantee a consumer for securing his information. Consumer markets are the markets for products and services bought by individuals for their own or family use. B2C sales are more engrossed on a very large market segment; market is the total sales market of consumers. There is very little discrimination or qualification of potential customers. If the product appeals to them, then they are a customer to which Amazon may sell their product. And B2C or businesses that sell consumers more focussed on transactional relationship. However, the traffic volume is very critical due to high volume, low unit value. This characteristic explains that number of customers is many or large target market but limited purchase unit or value. Similar to FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) are products that are sold quickly and at relatively low cost. Nevertheless there is fast repurchase derived or in another words frequent purchases. B2C sales are driven by highlighting the advantages of the product and its usefulness. Depending on how the product is presented to the end user, it may appeal to them based on novelty, ease of use, appearance or price. Usually the aspects of status, desire and price can lead to emotional buying decision. Besides that in B2C, since it is product driven, the product and its features also able to influence customer during the point of sale. B2C characteristic is inclusive a single step buying process, shorter sales cycle. The path to purchase must be short and simple – just a few clicks from email receipt to order confirmation. Any more than a couple of clicks and the customer are likely to abandon the shopping cart. The call to action must be obvious and the offer enticing. Besides that email campaigns often highlight special deals and discount that can be used both online and in store. They can also be informative especially if the aim is to build the brand and enhance customer loyalty. Loyalty is an important aspect in B2C marketing. This proved very true for company like Amazon. They combine good customer service and education on their product and services thus their customers keep coming back. Amazon’s brand identity created through repetition and imagery.

Inclusive Herbaria :: Botany

Inclusive Herbaria IN the earliest days of Systematics more attention was paid to cultivated plants and weeds than to wild species. The great herbals of the sixteenth century were largely given over to field and garden crops and everyday weeds. Until well after the time of Linnaeus, taxonomists included both cultivated plants and wild species in their botanical gardens, in their herbaria and in their writings. Only by slow degrees was there general recognition that the methods which are so effective for the bulk of the world's flora do not yield results of comparable efficiency when applied to cultivated plants and weeds. This perception came into being so gradually, that taxonomy as a whole drifted into its present position without any one taxonomist being aware of the drift and with only a few lone workers (Oakes Ames, L. H. Bailey, O. Stapf, D. Chatterjee) attempting to fight against the current. We now find ourselves in an anomalous position. Ninety-nine per cent of taxonomic effort is devoted to t he plants least interesting and least important to man. Surely matters are out of balance when in many of the world's great herbaria there is not a single taxonomist who is devoting himself to the classification of cultivated plants and when the taxonomy of many of the world's most important genera (Phaseolus, Coffea, Brassica, Cinchona, Hevea, etc.) is so imperfect as to be of little practical use. The gradual decision of orthodox taxonomists to avoid the classification of cultivated plants wherever possible was originally sound. Wild species could efficiently be understood by their methods; cultigens could not. Since the development of the so-called "New Systematics" such avoidance is no longer necessary. The special methods of this modern development in taxonomy are as useful in working out the complicated interrelationships of cultivated plants as they are in determining the course of evolution in natural populations. While it is usually assumed that the New Systematics derived its newness from the introduction of such techniques as cytology and pedigree culture from the experimental sciences, it would be more accurate to ascribe the change to new attitudes. The old taxonomy was satisfied if it discriminated between species; the new, desired to illuminate them as well. It wanted to know not only to which pigeonhole each entity belonged, but what kind of an entity it was. Was it diploid or polyploid, or did it include both diploid and polyploid races?

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Competition is becoming more and more fierce while the market is becoming globalization. With higher consumer sovereignty, customers are no longer satisfied with qualify products and good services. The society concerned more about the business ethic and environmental issues. Companies are expected to act virtuously nowadays. The ideas of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Citizenship are spreading faster than ever before and become one of the hottest business models in the recent decades. â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)† is defined as â€Å"the commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development, working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve their quality of life† at the World Business Council for Sustainable Development in 2000. The main idea of CSR is that corporations should be responsible to the stakeholders which include the customers, shareholders, suppliers, employees or any other party that may be influenced by the corporate actions. Different organizations may have formed different social responsible programs which can be categorized in four major components: the environment, the community, the work place and the market place. Different companies will emphasize on different aspects to create the social responsible programs. â€Å"Particular CSR initiatives may do good, or harm, or make no difference one way or the other, but it is important to resist the success of the CSR idea. â€Å" (Briggs & Verma, 2006) Mounting evidences show the benefits brought by the CSR Programs. For example, corporations made huge donation to disasters nationwide and to the bottom billions. However, not every CSR Program can be built up successfully. Nestlà © had suffered from a boycott last over 30 years which is the result from its failed CSR Program. Known as the baby killer, Nestlà © is blamed to kill thousands of Babies in the less developed region. They promoted and distributed free instant formula milk powder to replace breastfeeding and led to severe health problems or even death to the babies (Sethi, 1979). The two opposite results of CSR programs bring up queries for CSR programs. Is there a business case for CSR? How can corporations be benefitted from CSR? Theses questions will be discussed in this essay and so as the answers. B. Is there a business case for CSR? â€Å"Corporations are expected to be good citizens† asserted by Briggs and Verma (2006). Customers are demanding more from the corporations. Responsible corporates are required to meet the â€Å"Triple Bottom Lines† which are the economic sustainability, environmental sustainability and social sustainability. Join Elington illustrate the interrelationship of the triple bottom line in 1997, â€Å"Society depends on the economy – and the economy depends on the global ecosystem, whose health represents the ultimate bottom line† (Elkington, 1997). CSR programs can also help the company to achieve sustainable growth which is the ultimate goal for every CSR program. Sustainable development is development to satisfy the needs of present generation without sacrificing the ability of future generations to development (WCED, 1987). Study indicates that sustainable growth and business success cannot be achieved solely by maximising short-term profits, but instead th rough market-oriented and social responsible programs (Neal, 2006). The CSR programs may engage with the following four aspects: the environment, the community, the workplace and the market place (World Business Council, 2000). As the foundation of every human being in the earth, responsible to environment is an essential part of CSR programs. Learnt from the Industrial Revolution when people sacrifice environment for business growth, private organizations today have worked to improve the environment. For example, Toyota has developed the hybrid card models which can use both fuel and electricity as power source. It can help to reduce the air pollution and reduce the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This innovation is also being considered as long-term oriented and sustainable for future development so both the customers and investors are satisfied with it. The second aspect of corporate social responsibility is the community. Corporations have to be responsibility to the local community as they are the essential for the business success. Social responsible firms should hire local labour force in the work place. Corporations often make donation after huge disasters such as earthquake or hurricane. For example, companies had donated over US$547 millions after the catastrophe of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 (Briggs & Verma, 2006). Although some criticize that the corporations are making disasters into opportunities for public relationship, the donation can certainly help the community to rebuilt their home afterward, The third aspect of corporate social responsibility is the workplace. Companies are responsible to ensure the safety and ethnic in the workplace. The employees are generating the profit so the companies should be responsible to them by creating harmless and harmony working environment. For example, Nike, and other American and European sports wear production companies, promise to monitor the working conditions in its supplier factories in less developed countries (Vogel, 2005, 1). Corporations should also be responsible to the market place. Not just manufacturing quality product but also meeting the needs of various customers. For example, although smart phones are becoming popular in recent years, some people with visual disability may not able to use those products without assistant from other people. By introducing the Voiceover application, customers with visual disability can use the smart phone or other devices created by Apple easily. Besides the positive point of view, there have always been criticisms of CSR ever since it was invented. In 1970, the Nobel Price winner, Friedman wrote â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to increase its Profits† and the three main arguments he stated in his article have become the foundation for the criticisms against CSR. In his first argument, Friedman claimed that only human beings have a moral responsibility for their actions (Friedman, 1970). As a collected entity, companies do not have the responsibility of the decision made by the management. However, corporations act like human in many ways. For examples, in legal terms, corporations are consisted as an artificial person whose behavior is decided by the corporate internal decision structure and the organizational culture. Many corporations are acting progressively to create a public perception of good citizenship to gain positive image and competitive advantages from the society (Brigs and Verma, 2006). In the following article, Friedman pointed out that the government, instead of the private business section, should be responsible to solve the social issues and problems (Friedman, 1970). Later scholars support his argument that with huge amount of tax collected by the government, the responsibility of social support should be transferred to the government and the public sectors. However, in some cases, government may not be able to take the responsibility due to insufficient funds or malfunction of government agent. Geoge Kell, executive head of the United Nations’s Global Compact Office, indicated that â€Å"So long as government fail to do their part and so long as business goes global, CSR helps fill an important void† (Brigs and Verma, 2006). The last argument of Friedman is that the managers should be responsible for the interest of shareholders (Friedman, 1970). Charring out CSR programs may increase the cost and weaken the company’s performance. In which way, the interests of the shareholders are harmed (Henderson, 2001). This argument is proven wrong by the countless successful business cases of CSR programs. C. How can corporations be benefited from the CSR programs? 1. CSR can help the corporates to increase the profits. Corporations can be benefited from the CSR programs in many aspects. Since the most important goal for the company is maximise its profit, scholars and managers are working to figure out how CSR programs will influence the company’s profitability. Companies generally increase their profitability by two means: Cut cost and Differentiation (Porter, 1985). An effective CSR Programs can help the corporations to achieve both points. Cost reduction can be achieved by CSR Programs directly or indirectly. The direct way is to reduce the cost by using the raw material or energy in a more efficient way. For example, by reducing the packaging, companies can cut the unit cost of product and protect the environment by producing less waste at the same time (Welford, 2000). The other way is to reducing the indirect cost such as the employee training cost, the management cost. For example, the employee caring programs can lower the employee turnover rate and reducing the hiring and training cost for new employees. By this mean, the employees are more satisfied to the companies and will be less likely to resign and have better performance in the workplace. Google has been paid attention to this issue. The company created the â€Å"best† working environment in the world and create the most satisfied. The CSR program successes in increasing ability to attract and retain employees and reducing operating cost. Another way to increase profitability is differentiation. By using differentiation strategy, the products can be outstanding among the competitors (Welford, 2000). Corporates have been using CSR programs as differentiation points long ago and achieve positive result. Take the Body Shop as an example. They differentiate their products from the other skin care products by using all natural ingredients and making statements such as â€Å"no animal test† and â€Å"support community fair trade†. By building such social and environmental responsibility image, the Body Shop successfully build up its brand image and reputation and create the customer loyalty. 2. CSR can enhance brand competitiveness. Today’s companies can no longer afford to ignore CSR. More and more corporates build up their own CSR programs to enhance their brand competitiveness by enhancing the image and reputation of the corporates. Firstly, customers nowadays focus more on the image and reputation of the brands. They demand more than quality product and nice services. According to the research conducted by the PR firm Hill & Knowlton, 79% of Americans take corporate citizenship into account when makings purchase decision (Briggs and Verma, 2006). Corporate Social Responsibility Programs can help the corporate to gain the public trust and support which will enhance the brand competitiveness. Customer sovereignty has further supported the ideas that with high degree of freedom and information, customers can make their choices among different brands. The brand with better image or reputation will be more likely to win in the industry. Secondly, Corporate Citizenship is demanded by the government. Especially for some sensitive business that companies need to maintain nice relationship with the government. For example, Casino Industry in Las Vegas and Macao are expected to make large donation to the â€Å"responsible gambling program† or the charity funds. By making public donation, the firms may be able to build up better image to reduce the resist in the society and the government. Managers continually encounter demands from multiple stakeholder groups to devote resources to corporate social responsibility (McWilliams & Siegel, 2001). Investors consider more about the social responsibility of the invested firms nowadays. Companies cannot managing their impact on society and the environment if engaging in CSR (Brigs & Verma, 2006) D. Conclusion Corporate Social Responsibility is becoming the trend of social public relationship strategies in the recent decades. In this essay, questions of CSR programs have been discussed in many aspects. With thousands of successful cases of corporate citizenship, companies all working hard to catch up with the trend and develop their own CSR programs. Although there are criticisms about the intention and the necessity of corporate social responsibility programs, the effective of CSR programs is ascertained. Later study shows that successful CSR program can benefit the society and the company at the same time. The corporations can enjoy higher profits and better brand competitiveness by setting up CSR programs. Therefore, companies should work with the community to achieve the â€Å"win-win† situation. Bibliography: Briggs, W. & Verma, A. 2006. ‘Sharing the wealth’. Communication world. January – February 2006. pp. 25-28 Freeman, R.E. 1984 ‘Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach’. Marshfield, MA: Pitman Publishing Inc. Friedman, M. 1970 ‘The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits’. The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970 Henderson, D. 2001. ‘The Case Against â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Policy Vol.17 no.2. pp. 28-32. Winter 2001 Neal, A. C. 2007. ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: Governance Gain or Laissez-Faire Figleaf?’. HeinOnline. 2007-2008. pp. 460-474 Robison, M. 2002. ‘RSA Wold Leaders Lecture – Beyond Good Intentions: Corporate Citizenship for a New Century’. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. London, 7 May 2002. Sethi, S. P. 1979. ‘A Conceptual Framework for Environmental Analysis of Social Issues and Evaluation of Busin ess Response Patterns’. The Acdemy of Management Review, Vol.4, No. 1, pp. 63-74 Vogle, D. ‘The Market for Virtue: the Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility’. 2005. Harrisonburg, Virginia WCED. 1987. ‘Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development’. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Welford, R. 2000 ‘Corporate environmental management 3: Towards sustainable development’, London: Earthscan.

Understanding Case in English Grammar

So what is this thing called case in English, anyway? And why is it important? Being pretty clueless about this aspect of grammar is pretty common: When teachers or editors discuss the importance of getting  case  right in English grammar, quizzical looks from listeners are often the result. But not to worry. Heres a simple explanation: Basically, the concept of case in English is the grammatical relationship of nouns and pronouns to other words in a sentence. In English, nouns have only one case inflection: the possessive (or genitive). The case of nouns other than the possessive is sometimes called the common case. Common case nouns are the basic word, such as dog, cat, sunset or water. Pronouns have three case distinctions: Subjective (or nominative)Possessive (or genitive)Objective (or accusative) Examples and Observations on Case Sidney Greenbaum discusses this basic subject of English grammar in Case in The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992). Potentially, countable nouns have four case forms: two singular (child, childs), two plural (children, childrens). In regular nouns, these manifest themselves only in writing, through the apostrophe ( girl, girls, girls, girls), since in speech three of the forms are identical. The genitive [or possessive] case is used in two contexts: dependently, before a noun ( This is Toms/his bat), and independently ( This bat is Toms/his). Most personal pronouns have different forms for the dependent and independent genitive: This is your bat and This bat is yours. The genitive case forms of personal pronouns are often called possessive pronouns. A few pronouns have three cases: subjective or nominative, objective or accusative, and genitive or possessive.Andrea Lunsford gives tips on editing for case in The St. Martins Handbook (2008). In compound structures, make su re pronouns are in the same case they would be in if used alone (Jake and she were living in Spain). When a pronoun follows than or as, complete the sentence mentally. If the pronoun is the subject of an unstated verb, it should be in the subjective case (I like her better than he [likes her]). If it is the object of an unstated verb, it should be in the objective case (I like her better than [I like] him.).Robert Lane Greene talks about the disappearance of case endings in English in his book You Are What You Speak   (2011). While the stickler might see the misuse and gradual disappearance of whom as proof that education and society have been flushed down the toilet, most linguists  -- even though they will almost certainly use whom in their written work themselves -- see the pronouns replacement with who as merely another step in Englishs gradual shedding of case endings. In the era of Beowulf, English nouns had endings that showed what role they played in the sentence, as Lat in did. But nearly all of them disappeared by the time of Shakespeare, and a linguist would see the death of whom as simply the conclusion of the process.